J. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 9 2-3 155-173. laboratory experiments shows that the responder frequently rejects positive offers if she is offered much less than 50% Oosterbeek et 10 al. Many social factors exhibit positive feedback and. the analysis above indicates that indirect reciprocity is an important dynamic social force in peer-to-peer networks. What makes a virtual organization work? MIT Sloan Management Review 42 1 13?C26. But in a larger-scale online network. 2005. and sustainabili ty: A resource-based model of online social structures. In such cases. and moreover. Studies show that the phenomenon pers ists in a variety of settings. th ey do not capture the dynamic nature of so cial Louis vuitton network connection costs. but not to individual recipient s . The incentive could be reputational. L. B. Xia. Game and Economic Behavior 62 1 287-303. de Gruyter. R. network users are less likely to provide Louis Vuitton UK contributions responding to their contributions. each user downloads 22 music files on a given day with an average wait time of 13 minutes per file. Many social factors exhibit positive feedback and. Paulo Goes. C. lo ve or affection . Our analysis indicates that a network user significan tly increases her propensity to contribute after gaining special titles from the network. then a decrease in on e individual??s contribu tion would affect her neighbors. M. Duan. First. Network operators therefore need to take actions to encourage positive reciprocity in such networks. Faraj. Table 4 reports individual co ntributors?? enforcement of social norms to encourage indirect reciprocity in the peer-to-peer network. in peer-to-peer networks. In particular. W. They do so through the setting of servers to discrimina te downloaders. L. G achter. Tang. howev er. Review of Economic Studies. For example. we find that individuals are more likely to change the server settings to provide preferential services to contributors and less er services to free riders. th ey do not capture the dynamic nature of so cial networks. Louis Vuitton Outlet attach ment and mutuality in electronic knowledge networks.. but a person who fails to punish is in turn punished . Management Science 52 7 1031-1042. where contributions and benefits are pooled and shared. We discuss the theo retical foundation of private contribution to public goods in the next section. 2000. social-psychological forces. Game and Economic Behavior 62 1 287-303. M. but also a social norm that requires compliance. membership size. Moreover. 2007 . Winter-ebmer. R. ??value user??. B. and M. we find that the enforcement of social norm is human nature. 2000a. Fairness as a constraint on profit seeking: Entitlements in the market. For example. The summary statistics also reveal that. Nature 432 7016 499-502. We find that an individual??s likelihood of contributions increases with the number of contri butors in the peer-to-p eer network but decreases with the number of free riders in the network. B. Das. These mechanisms allow individual contributors to impose restrictions on the types of users that can receive their contribution. it increases the costs of deviation and encourages compliance. MIS Quarterly 29 1 1-23. The experi ment shows that individuals have inherent incentive Louis vuitton uk contribute to public goods. Fairness as a constraint on profit seeking: Entitlements in the market. In peer-to-peer networks. Cunningham. However. Each individual contributor can change her server setting to give access to all users. could be a double-edged sword. Annual Reviews in Sociology 2 3 335-362. Fixed effect: Individual characteristics such culture background. Recent social network studies Faraj and Johnson 2005. and moral hazard.. E. To account for contribution out of self-interest. Kraut. 2005. Such punishment mechanisms serve as a st rong deterrence to anti-soc ial behaviors. and moreover.. reciprocity Wasko and Faraj 2005. a contributor is more likely to change her server st atus to punish free riders when she faces longer download wait time as long wait time indicates the need to encourage contribution behavior louis vuitton outlet . Control Variables Download Needs: Individual behavior in a peer-to-pe er network is influenced by her download needs. Such punishment mechanisms serve as a st rong deterrence to anti-soc ial behaviors. Gallupe. R. Discussion and Limitation The objective of the paper is to propose a dynami c view of indirect reciprocity and social enforcement in peer-to-peer network and validate the hypotheses empiri cally. von Hippel. a proposer and a responder bargain about the distribution of an asset. Raghu T. 32 Faraj. The need for using the reward and punishment mechanism arises not only when a user observes an increase in free riders. Fehr and Gatcher 2000a . W hy share in peer-to-peer networks? Proceedings louis vuitton outlet the ACM EC 2006 workshop on the Economics of Networked Systems . K. and M.-W. Journal of Economic Literature 43 2 392-436. Tullberg 2004 . Z. Frohlich. O. followed by a discussion of the empirical analysis and results. Indirect reciprocity. Tang. Oosterbeek. Peter. Emerson 1976 .330 users?? activities in a peer-to-peer network over 121 days. We control for thes e individual characterist ics using fixed effects . and R. We conduct the analysis using a panel data by observing 103... we find that the enforcement of social norm is human nature. and a comment on suicide terrorism. Nature 393 11 573-577. M.